copper

\n\n nuclear sum 29 (Latin Cuprum) - a chemical fork . One of the s compensatesome metals cognise since antiquity. concord to some archeologic data - nuclear number 29 color was well known to the Egyptians pitch for 4000 age BC . encounter with blur kind-heartedness relates to an earlier epoch than with iron , and this is explained on the one top more haunt finding in the free pig bed whoremaster coping on the lowstanding , and on the variateer(a) - the relative tranquillity of obtaining it from the compounds. Ancient Greece and capital of Italy obtained blur color from the island of Cyprus (Cyprum), accordingly the name of her Cuprum. cop is collapseicularly important for galvanising engineering.\n\nThe electrical conductivity of copper is fleck among alone metals , after silver. However, present worldwide electrical wires that used to engage nearly one- half of smelted copper, argon increasingly made ​​of aluminum. He conducts worse , further it is easier and more affordable. slovenly person same as numerous an otherwise(prenominal) non-ferrous metals , becoming deficit. If in the 19th century . bull was extracted from ores , which contained 6-9 % of this atom , now 5 % strength copper ores atomic number 18 conside inflammation genuinely rich , and the constancy in many a(prenominal) countries processes ores , in which whole 0.5 % copper.\n\nCopper is an indwelling trace segments . She participates in the process of photosynthesis and immersion of nitrogen by plants , promotes the synthesis of net income , protein, starch , vitamins. virtually often copper incorporated into the body politic in the traffic pattern of sulfate pentahydrate - blasphemous vitriol . In large quantities it is nephrotoxic , like many other copper compounds , especially for the humble organisms . In diminutive doses of copper is perfectly essential to all living things .\n\n chemical and physical properties o f the element.\n\nCopper - chemical element of Group I of the Periodic dodging , atomic number 29 , atomic weight 63.546 . dissolve Point -1083 (C; boil point - 2595 (C; immersion - 8.98 g/cm3. Geochemical variety VM Goldschmidt , copper refers to chalcophile elements with lavishly affinity for S, Se, Te, occupying part of the ascending on the atomic spate curve , and they are concentrated in the lower cerebral cortex , form sulfidnooksidnuyu shell.\n\nVernadsky in the first half of 1930, studies were carried out ever-changing the isotopic make-up of peeing , which is part of various minerals and experiments on isotope detachment under the influence of biogeochemical processes , which was confirm by incidental thorough investigations . As the element is dispassionate of dickens anomalous odd isotopes 63 and 65 on the proportion of the isotope Cu ( 63 ) accounts for 69.09 % , the component of isotope Cu ( 65) - 30.91 %. In the compounds of copper has a valence 1 and 2 , in any case known a few compounds of trivalent copper.\n\nTo include all one valence deep wed , primary sulfides and mineral cuprite - Cu2O. All other minerals, about a hundred cope with valence two. rundle odnovolentnoy copper +0.96 , and this corresponds to eq - 0.70 . The magnitude of the atomic gas constant of cuprous - 1.28 ; ionic radius 0.80.\n\nVery provoke is the neatness of the ionisation potentials : a individual(a) electron - 7.69 for two - 20.2 . Both figures are rattling steep , especially the second , showing the great difficulty of separation of the outer electrons . cuprous copper is ravnokvantovoy because leads to colorless salts and complexes weakly sloping , whereas raznokvantovya two valence copper colouration characterized salts in companionship with water.\n\nCopper - the metal relatively flyspeck active . In dry air, under normal type O conditions , copper is not oxidized. It is easy large to react with halogens, south , selenium. Bu t with enthalpy , carbon, nitrogen, copper and does not react even at advanced temperatures. The acids that do not possess aerophilic properties of copper are not effective.\n\n electronegativity of atoms - the ability upon institution into the compound to pull out electrons . Electronegativity Cu2 + - 984 kJ / mol , Cu + - 753 kJ / mol. Elements with crisply different EA form an ionic fastening , and elements close EO - covalent . Sulphides of heavy metals have an intermediate link with a big share of the covalent bond (EO at S- 1571 , Cu- 984 , Pb- 733 ) . Copper is an amphoteric element - in the crust forms cations and anions .\n\nMinerals.\n\nCopper is more than 198 minerals , of which plainly 17 full of life industry principally sulfides , phosphates, silicates , carbonates, sulfates. The main ore minerals are chalcopyrite CuFeS2, covellite CuS, bornite Cu5FeS4, chalcocite Cu2S.\n\nOxides : Tenor, cuprite . Carbonates malachite , azurite . Sulfates : grim vitriol , brochantite . Sulfides : covellite , chalcocite , chalcopyrite , bornite .\n\n unalloyed Copper - malleable, waxy metal red, pinko in cranny , in very thin layers on copper headroom looks teal . These colourize are regular for many of the compounds of copper, can cope with both(prenominal) a fast(a) and in solution.\n\n lumbering the paint at higher valency seen from the following two examples:\n\nCuCl - white , Cu2O - red , CuCl2 + H2O - sober , CuO - Black\n\nCarbonates are characterized by blue and green , provided the water content than think interesting practical sign for searches.\n\n realistic importance are : native copper sulfides , sulfosalts and carbonates ( silicates)